My Work

My research journey explores the fascinating formation and evolution of galaxies under the framework of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), challenging the conventional dark matter paradigm.

In my first major study, "The formation of early-type galaxies in Milgromian Dynamics", I simulated the monolithic collapse of early gas clouds in a MONDian universe. These simulations successfully recreated properties of observed early-type galaxies, showing that Milgromian gravity can naturally form elliptical galaxies with realistic structural and kinematic features.

Building on this, my second study, "The formation of compact massive relic galaxies in MOND", focused on the formation of compact massive relic galaxies — ancient, compact ellipticals that formed early in the universe and have remained relatively unchanged. My models reproduced key properties of these enigmatic galaxies, including high central velocity dispersions and small effective radii, without invoking mergers or exotic physics.

In my most recent work, "Scaling relations of early-type galaxies in MOND", I extended my models to study scaling relations such as the fundamental plane and mass-size relations of ETGs. The findings show remarkable alignment with observational data, reinforcing MOND's robustness across different galactic environments.

In my latest accepted study, "Growth of black holes at the centre of early-type galaxies in MOND", I investigate whether the early formation conditions in MOND can lead to the emergence of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in compact early-type galaxies. Using our monolithic collapse simulations, I analyze the evolution of the central gravitational potential and gas inflow rates. The findings show that rapid central potential deepening and intense early gas inflows — peaking above 2×10¹⁰ M_☉/Gyr — create favorable conditions for SMBH formation. By assuming that a fraction of the central stellar mass collapses into a black hole, I find that the resulting black hole masses align with the observed M_BH – σ relation, especially for galaxies with high central velocity dispersion (σ > 200 km/s). This work suggests that MOND can naturally account for black hole–host galaxy scaling relations without invoking dark matter.

These projects collectively advance the case for Milgromian dynamics, offering a credible alternative to dark matter theories in explaining galaxy-scale structures and behaviors.